National Stereotypes, essays

National Stereotypes, essays We know most foreign cultures, and much of our own culture, by reputation only. Actually, we have an "image" of the English, Scottish and Irish, Belgian, French or Spanish national character. Even though we personally may know a handful of people from those countries, we cannot evaluate how "typical" these persons are as representatives of their nation. But many people have no problems in recognizing certain temperamental attributes as being "typical" for certain nations: the Scottish reputation for stinginess, the Belgian reputation for stupidity, the Spanish reputation for pride are well known for us from jokes and stories which rely on a knowledge of those attributes. As a result we consider all the Scottish to be tight-fisted, the Belgian to be foolish etc. I judge most of the national stereotypes to be concocted. Once perceived reality is not reality itself, but is a mixture of fact and fiction, if not total fiction. On the other hand we cannot say that the English, Scottish and Irish, Belgian, French and Spanish are the same. There are some differences between nations and we could make some generalization, but I think we should be more accurate and take into account many facts. Most current thinking on national identities relies not on a first-hand observation of reality, but almost always on an existing reputation. I mean that somebody has mentioned about a proud Spaniard heshe met, the other has said that a lot of them are proud, the following concludes that pride is generalisation of Spanish nation. This idea goes from one to another through generations, though in reality it is just illusion and such representation shows nothing but somebodys desires to see the nation from his/her own point of view. Stereotypes can be positive or negative, depending on the political circumstances. Countries, which present a threat in political and economic rivalry, are usually described in negative terms. But countries, which do ...

Tips to Improve Your French Vocabulary

Tips to Improve Your French Vocabulary Words, words, words! Languages are made up of words, and French is no exception. Here are all kinds of French vocabulary lessons, practice ideas, and tips to help you get better at learning and remembering French words. Resources to Learn French Vocabulary The following resources will help you learn, practice, and master French vocabulary. French Vocabulary: Utilize vocabulary lists and lessons on all the basics and topic areas including introductions, food, clothing, family, and more.Mot du Jour: Learn 5 new French words a week with this daily feature.French in English: Many French words and expressions are used in English, but do not always have the same meaning.Cognates: Hundreds of English words mean the same thing in French, but some are false cognates.French Expressions: Idiomatic expressions can really spice up your FrenchHomophones: Many words sound alike but have two or more meanings.French Synonyms: Learn some new ways to say the same old things and master words like bon, non, oui, petit, and trà ¨s.   Know Your Genders One of the most important things to remember about French nouns is that each one has a gender. While there are a few patterns that let you know what the gender of a particular word is, for most words, its just a matter of memorization. Therefore, the best way to know whether a word is masculine or feminine is to make all your vocabulary lists with an article, so that you learn the gender with the word itself. Always write une chaise or la chaise (chair), rather than just chaise. When you learn the gender as part of the word, youll always know what gender it is later on when you need to use it. This is particularly important with what I call dual-gender nouns. Dozens of French pairs have different meanings depending on whether they are masculine or feminine, so yes, gender really does make a difference. Chance Encounters When reading French, its very likely that youll come across a lot of new vocabulary. While looking up every single word you dont know in the dictionary may disrupt your comprehension of the story, you might not understand anyway without some of those key terms. So you have a few options: Underline the words and look them up laterWrite down the words and look them up laterLook up the words as you go Underlining is the best technique because when you look the words up later, you have the context right there in the case of words with multiple meanings. If thats not an option, try to write down the sentence in your vocabulary list, rather than just the word itself. Once youve looked everything up, read the article again, with or without referring back to your list, to see how much more you understand now. Another option is to look up all the words after each paragraph or each page, rather than waiting until youve read the whole thing.Listening can also offer up a lot of new vocabulary. Again, its a good idea to write down the phrase or sentence so that you have the context to understand the meaning provided. Get a Decent Dictionary If youre still using one of those little pocket dictionaries, you need to seriously consider an upgrade. When it comes to French dictionaries, bigger really is better. Practice French Vocabulary Once youve learned all this new French vocabulary, you need to practice it. The more you practice, the easier it will be for you to find just the right word when speaking and writing, as well as to understand when listening and reading. Some of these activities might seem boring or silly, but the point is simply to get you used to seeing, hearing, and speaking the words - here are some ideas. Say It out Loud When you come across a new word while reading a book, newspaper, or French lesson, say it out loud. Seeing new words is good, but saying them out loud is even better, because it gives you practice both speaking and listening to the sound of the word. Write It Out Spend 10 to 15 minutes every day writing lists of vocabulary. You can work with different themes, such as kitchen items or automotive terms, or just practice words that you continue to have trouble with. After you write them down, say them out loud. Then write them again, say them again, and repeat 5 or 10 times. When you do this, youll see the words, feel what its like to say them, and hear them, all of which will help you the next time you are actually speaking French. Use Flashcards Make a set of flashcards for new vocabulary by writing the French term on one side (along with an article, in the case of nouns) and the English translation on the other. You can also use a flashcard program like Before You Know It. Label Everything Surround yourself with French by labeling your home and office with stickers or post-it notes. Ive also found that putting a post-it on my computer monitor helps me remember those terms that Ive looked up in the dictionary a hundred times but still cant ever seem to remember. Use It in a Sentence When you go over your vocab lists, dont just look at the words - put them into sentences. Try making 3 different sentences with each word, or try to create a paragraph or two using all the new words together. Sing Along Set some vocabulary to a simple tune, like Twinkle Twinkle Little Star or The Itsy Bitsy Spider, and sing it in the shower, in your car on the way to work/school, or while washing the dishes. Mots Flà ©chà ©s French-style crossword puzzles, mots flà ©chà ©s, are a great way to challenge your knowledge of French vocabulary.

Operation management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 3

Operation management - Assignment Example Operation management is important for two main reasons – firstly it can improve the productivity and secondly it helps to meet the competitive priorities of the customers. Productivity can be defined as the ratio of the output to input. It is rather a measure through which the efficiency of the employees or managers is utilized to convert the scarce resources of the organization into products or services. The more is the numerical value of this ratio the higher is the level of efficiency. The importance of operation management is increased in the recent years due to stiff competition, quality conscious customers, new technologies, and service life cycles which imposes pressure on the organization’s operations so as to improve productivity and provide a better quality of the goods and services. This assignment will put focus on Starbucks Corporation which is the largest coffee company across the world and is based in Washington. The brand is a part of the booming restaurant industry and operates through 20,891 stores in almost 64 countries. The company was founded in the year 1971 as a Seattle retailer of coffee beans and from then it has expanded very rapidly. The company is well known for selling coffees but also has extended its product range to pastries, sandwiches, hot and cold beverages, snacks, etc. The inputs of its operations are mainly coffee beans and milk that comes from across nineteen countries, once the beans are collected it is then send to its manufacturing, roasting, and packaging plant. The output is the finished product that is then delivered across its stores and supplies adequate amount of coffees to each of the stores. The input/output transformation model describes the process through which the inputs such as capital, labour, equipment, land building, information, and materials are converted into outputs such as products or

SMALLVILLE STORY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

SMALLVILLE STORY - Essay Example The three women, believed to be working for a powerful and notorious narcotics trafficking organization, are members of a local burglary ring. During the time of their arrest, the police officers found 60 articles of clothing, several firearms, and large quantity of electronics. The crime rates in Smallville have been on the rise in the last six months. â€Å"Based on our investigations so far, we have reason to believe that the suspects are members of a burglary ring that has operated in Smallville for at least six months,† said Smallville police officer, Henry Jankins. The investigations into the thefts have begun. The police will use the tips from the injured store attendants, and the goods found at the women’s residence. From there, the police, working with DEA, will uncover the drug trafficking business. A report from the police indicated the women, Lisa Belkin, Gertudis Cano, and Jenifer Wade are investigated for burglary and drug related charges. The suspects, all women who are in their late 20’s have been allies of a criminal enterprise. At their most innovative, the employees who watched the women steal from the store recorded the number plates of the late-model Lexus SUV that the women used to drive away. The police will use this evidence to connect the women to the store

Why Should Schools Have Uniforms Essay Example for Free

Why Should Schools Have Uniforms Essay Uniforms have been incorporated into a lot of school systems all around the world to bring similarities to the school community and to prevent negligence between students. I strongly affirm that Sir Frederick Banting Secondary School in London, Ontario, Canada should promote uniforms to eliminate the differences between rich and poor, compose a better school environment, and to symbolize unity and equality upon students. The first reason to why Banting should promote uniforms is to eliminate the differences between rich and poor. The unfortunate poor student wouldn’t have to be ashamed of what he/she doesn’t own since everyone is dressed up in the same clothes. Also instead of the poor trying to achieve what brands the rich students own like Channel accessories, Lululemon etc†¦, they would all fit in. There will be no distractions and therefore; it will allow students to concentrate on learning instead of competing in popular fashionable clothing. Finally the rich students won’t have the chance to brag about what fashionable clothes they bought or have but instead they are mutual the poor ones. Essentially, it prevents the rich students from pointing out the poor ones and offending their style. Promoting uniforms in general will initiate the poor’s self-esteem to absolute positivity. Secondly, Banting should promote uniforms to compose a better school environment. There are many styles of clothing, some appropriate for school and others are not. Students and the media pressure us to dress and look a certain way. Some clothing contains logos promoting drugs, alcohol or even violence. Midriff shirts, halters and miniskirts are advertised everywhere. Since students want to fit in and be appealing between students, they want to wear this type of clothing. In most school systems like Banting, however it is not allowed, but students still manage to somehow fracture the dress code and escape the consequences. Uniforms will eliminate these issues to create a purposeful learning place that students will arrive to rather than giving the opportunity to students to provoke inappropriate hidden messages and images that would ruin the minds of educating students. Therefore promoting uniforms will be a very beneficial triumph to the school environment. Lastly, Banting should promote uniforms to symbolize unity and equality upon students. I believe uniforms help unite students in a common goal which is to do well in school. It is a symbol of student’s unity. They demonstrate to everyone that they are more than just their clothes and that they are all individuals trying to achieve the same goal for their future professions. On the other hand, it symbolizes equality because it brings students together despite their religious background, race, gender, and style of clothing students choose to wear. Since students from different cultures choose to dress in their particular traditional outfit, they are sometimes neglected and treated unequally by the students and even teachers, an example of that would be bullying those individuals and/or being insincere about their presence. They are often treated as a foreigner who is considered to appear outside the norms thus, uniforms help those students to be more accepted and judged based on their personality rather than appearance. Therefore, promoting uniforms would increase the symbol of unity and equality between students to a gratifying extent. In conclusion, I believe that promoting uniforms in Sir Frederick Banting Secondary will eliminate the differences between rich and poor, compose a better school environment, and symbolizes unity and equality upon students. Uniforms assist in keeping everything in order and organized around the school. School is a tremendous part of our life journey and by promoting uniforms we are making our life simpler, therefore increasing the chance of captivating success and happiness.

War in yemen Essay -- essays research papers

Yemen a great desert in the Arabic peninsula , located south to the kingdom of Saudi Arabia and left to Oman , has also a shore : mainly on the Red Sea and on the Gulf of Aden. Yemen has some natural resources (oil) but unfortunately it is considered as the poorest Arabic country. Yemen is now The Republic of Yemen because of the reunification made on 22nd May 1990. Before that day Yemen was divided into two separate countries , the first known as the North Yemen Republic which was controlled by tribes so far the worst tribal system in the world , on the other side , the Yemen of the South known as the world’s worst communist regime. But in 1994 , a civil war turned the south and the north against each other. We are going to study this civil war in a chronological order , from where it started to where it ended.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Government of the North was chaired by Colonel Ali Abdullah Saleh , member of EL-AHMAR ,a part of the big tribe : Hached. He was especially interested for the well being of the petroleum and oil present in the north’s soil. Whereas for the South controlled by the communist Ali Salem El-Bide was trying to give the worst soviet image out of it’s self by introducing whatever is soviet-like to the life of everyday : weapons , aircrafts , boats , tanks †¦ When the reunification occurred , the republic of Yemen had to be ruled by one man, but because the citizens of the Ex-north Yemen where twice as much as those of the south , the president was chosen to be Ali Abdullah Saleh. And so the vice president became the leader of the Ex-south : A.S. El-Bide. And the president of the minister’s council was Abu Bakr Haydar El-Attas , who was well known for the liabilities he had in the past (of which : presid ent of the southern Yemen).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nevertheless reuniting two opposite things is difficult , it was even harder to reunite a communist and a tribal types of governments. And so in the years after the reunification , things were not going very well as the south wanted to keep it’s communist identity and ideology and the north wanted to keep it’s long going tribal system. From there started some fundamentalist movements each wanting what in the past was theirs. Two years were more than enough to distinguish betwe... ...ale , many north Yemeni pupils are open to the outside , for example Chicago counts a great number of Yemenis . The son of the north can adapt him self , and maybe loose his tribal attitude And maybe in some fifty years , all tribes would disappear leaving great and respectful family names. But those of the south , those who’s minds were brain washed by communism , are hardly seen to adapt their selves a liberalist/capitalist type of living, as south Yemen was the harshest communist regime ever known to man , everything was for the state , even truly-merchants were collectivized. The ex regime there applied communism even more than in the USSR under Staline. So far so good , The Republic of Yemen is still in one peace , but will it really stay this way ? would it still be united in 20 years ? I personally don’t think so , because It’s in communism nature to always try to mess things up and the south will never forget it’s communist entity and for sure will have many attempts to win back it’s Ex-south Yemen communist state. It’s been only 10 years since they united , and so it may not be enough. But the true answer to this question is yet to come, we’ll have to wait to find out .

Family Planning

Real Distinction between the Natural Family Planning to the Artificial Family Planning What is Family Planning? What are the differences between the Natural and Artificial Family Planning? Family planning  is the  planning  of when to have  children,  and the use of  birth control and other techniques to implement such plans. Other techniques commonly used include sexuality education,  prevention and management of  sexually transmitted infections, pre-conception counseling  and  management, and  infertility management.Family planning is sometimes used as a synonym for the use of  birth control, however, it often includes a wide variety of methods, and practices that are not birth control. It is most usually applied to a  female-male  couple who wish to limit the number of children they have and/or to control the timing of  pregnancy  (also known as  spacing children). Family planning may encompass  sterilization, as well as  abortion.Family plann ing services are defined as â€Å"educational, comprehensive medical or social activities which enable individuals, including minors, to determine freely the number and spacing of their children and to select the means by which this may be achieved. † Natural family planning  (NFP) comprises the  family planning  methods approved by the Roman Catholic Church. In accordance with the Church's teachings regarding  sexual behavior  in keeping with its philosophy of the dignity of the human person, NFP excludes the use of other methods of  birth control, which it refers to as â€Å"artificial contraception. Periodic  abstinence  is the only method deemed moral by the Church for avoiding pregnancy. When used to avoid pregnancy, NFP limits sexual intercourse to naturally infertile periods; portions of the  menstrual cycle, during pregnancy, and after  menopause. Various methods may be used to identify whether a woman is likely to be  fertile; this information may be used in attempts to either avoid or achieve pregnancy. There are three main types of NFP: the symptoms-based methods, the calendar-based methods, and the breastfeeding or  lactational amenorrhea method.Symptoms-based methods rely on biological signs of fertility, while calendar-based methods estimate the likelihood of fertility based on the length of past menstrual cycles. Clinical studies by the  Guttmacher Institute  found that periodic abstinence resulted in a 25. 3 percent failure under typical conditions, though it did not differentiate between symptom-based and calendar-based methods. Symptoms-based Some methods of NFP track biological signs of fertility. When used outside of the Catholic concept of NFP, these methods are often referred to simply as  fertility awareness-based methods  rather than NFP.The three primary signs of a woman's fertility are her  basal body temperature, her  cervical  mucus, and her cervical position. Computerized  fertility m onitors  may track basal body temperatures, hormonal levels in urine, changes in electrical resistance of a woman's saliva or a mixture of these symptoms. From these symptoms, a woman can learn to assess her fertility without use of a computerized device. Some systems use only cervical mucus to determine fertility. Two well-known mucus-only methods are the  Billings ovulation method  and the  Creighton Model Fertility Care System.If two or more signs are tracked, the method is referred to as a symptothermal method. Two popular symptothermal systems are taught by the  Couple to Couple League  and the Fertility Awareness Method (FAM) taught by  Toni Weschler. A study completed in Germany in 2007 found that the symptothermal method has a method effectiveness of 99. 6%. In Canada, the symptothermal method is taught by  SERENA Canada  which is an inter-denominational organization which has been developing the Symptothermal Method as a part of NFP since 1955.They are als o not specifically affiliated with the Roman Catholic Church. It is also taught by  Justisse Healthworks for Women, a pro-choice feminist organization that allows and supports women to combine other methods of birth control with their fertility awareness practice. A study by the World Health Organization involving 869 fertile women from Australia, India, Ireland, the Philippines, and El Salvador found that 93% could accurately interpret their body's signals regardless of education and culture. In a 36-month study of 5,752 women, the method was 99. 86% effective. Calendar-basedCalendar-based methods determine fertility based on a record of the length of previous menstrual cycles. They include the Rhythm Method and the Standard Days Method. The Standard Days method was developed and proven by the researchers at the Institute for Reproductive Health of Georgetown University. CycleBeads, unaffiliated with religious teachings, is a visual tool based on the Standard Days method. Accordi ng to the Institute of Reproductive Health, when used as birth control, CB has a 95% effectiveness rating. Computer programs are available to help track fertility on a calendar.Lactational amenorrhea The  lactational amenorrhea method  (LAM) is a method of avoiding pregnancy based on the natural  postpartum  infertility  that occurs when a woman is  amenorrheic  and fully  breastfeeding. The rules of the method help a woman identify and possibly lengthen her infertile period. A strict version of LAM is known as  ecological breastfeeding. Artificial Family Planning/Birth Control, also known as  contraception  and  fertility control, refers to methods or devices used to prevent  pregnancy. Planning and provision of birth control is called  family planning.Safe sex, such as the use of male or  female condoms, can also help prevent transmission of  sexually transmitted diseases. Contraceptive use in  developing countries has cut the number of  materna l deaths  by 44% (about 270,000 deaths averted in 2008) but could prevent 73% if the full demand for birth control were met. Because  teenage pregnancies  are at greater risk of adverse outcomes such as  preterm birth,  low birth weight and  infant mortality, adolescents need comprehensive  sex education  and access to reproductive health  services, including contraception.By lengthening the time between pregnancies, birth control can also improve adult women's delivery outcomes and the survival of their children. Effective birth control methods include  barriers  such as  condoms,  diaphragms, and the contraceptive sponge;  hormonal contraception  including  oral pills,  patches,  vaginal rings, and injectable contraceptives; and  intrauterine devices  (IUDs). Emergency contraception  can prevent pregnancy after unprotected sex. Long-acting reversible contraception  such as implants, IUDs, or vaginal rings are recommended to reduce  tee nage pregnancy.Sterilization  by means such as  vasectomy  and  tubal ligation  is permanent contraception. Some people regard  sexual abstinence  as birth control, but  abstinence-only sex education often increases teen pregnancies when offered without contraceptive education. Non-penetrative sex  and  oral sex  are also sometimes considered contraception. Birth control methods have been used since ancient times, but effective and safe methods only became available in the 20th century. For some people, contraception involves moral issues, and many cultures limit access to birth control due to the moral and political issues involved.About 222 million women who want to avoid pregnancy in developing countries are not using a modern contraception method. Birth control increases  economic growth  because of fewer dependent children, more women participating in the work force, and less consumption of scarce resources. Women's earnings, assets,  body mass index , and their children's schooling and body mass index all substantially improve with greater access to contraception. Methods of Artificial Family Planning Artificial Family Planning/Birth control includes  barrier methods,  hormonal contraception,  intrauterine devices  (IUDs), sterilization, and behavioral methods.Hormones can be  delivered by injection, by mouth (orally),  placed in the vagina, or implanted under the skin. The most common types of oral contraception include the  combined oral contraceptive pill  and the  progestogen-only pill. Methods are typically used before sex but  emergency contraception  is effective shortly after intercourse. Determining whether a woman with one or more illnesses, diseases, risk factors, or abnormalities can use a particular form of birth control is a complex medical question sometimes requiring a  pelvic examination  or medical tests.The  World Health Organization publishes a detailed list of medical eligibility criteria for each type of contraception. Birth control methods * An unrolled male  latex condom * A polyurethane  female condom * A  diaphragm  vaginal-cervical  barrier, in its case with a  quarter U. S. coin  to show scale * A  contraceptive sponge  set inside its open package * Three varieties of  birth control pills  in calendar oriented packaging * A transdermal contraceptive patch * A  Nuva Ring  vaginal ring * A hormonal  intrauterine device  (IUD) against a background showing placement in the  uterus *A copper IUD next to a dime  to show scale * A split dose of two emergency contraceptive pills (most morning after pills now only require one) Barrier Barrier contraceptives  are devices that attempt to prevent  pregnancy  by physically preventing  sperm  from entering the  uterus. They include: male  condoms,  female condoms,  cervical caps,  diaphragms, and  contraceptive sponges  with  spermicide. The condom is mos t commonly used during  sexual intercourse  to reduce the likelihood of  pregnancy  and of spreading  sexually transmitted diseases  (STDs—such as  gonorrhea,  syphilis, and  HIV).It is put on a man's erect  penis  and physically blocks ejaculated semen from entering the body of a sexual partner. Modern condoms are most often made from  latex, but some are made from other materials such as  polyurethane,  polyisoprene, or lamb intestine. A  female condom  is also available, most often made of  nitrile. Male condoms have the advantage of being inexpensive, easy to use, and having few side effects. Contraceptive sponges combine a barrier with spermicide. Like diaphragms, they are inserted vaginally prior to intercourse and must be placed over the  cervix  to be effective.Typical effectiveness during the first year of use is about 84% overall, and 68% among women who have already given birth. The sponge can be inserted up to 24 hours before intercourse and must be left in place for at least six hours afterward. Some people are allergic to spermicide used in the sponge. Women who use contraceptive sponges have an increased risk of  yeast infections  and  urinary tract infections. Leaving the sponge in for more than 30 hours can result in  toxic shock syndrome. Hormonal Hormonal contraceptives  inhibit  ovulation  and  fertilization.These include  oral pills,  subdermal  implants, and  injectable contraceptivesas well as the  patch,  hormonal IUDs  and the  vaginal ring. The most commonly used hormonal contraceptive is the  combined oral contraceptive pill—commonly known as â€Å"the pill†Ã¢â‚¬â€which includes a combination of an  estrogen  and a  progestin  (progestogen). There is also a progestin-only pill. Currently, hormonal contraceptives are available only for females. Combined hormonal contraceptives are associated with a slight increased cardiovascular risk , including a small increased risk of  venousand  arterial thrombosis. However, the benefits are greater than the risk.Oral contraceptives reduce the risk of  ovarian cancer  and  endometrial cancer  without increasing the risk for  breast cancer. They can lower body weight by reducing  water retention  (not loss of fat), and several are used to treat mild to moderate  acne. Between 2% and 10% of women of childbearing age experience emotional and physical symptoms associated with  premenstrual syndrome  (PMS) andpremenstrual dysphoric disorder  (PMDD). Combination hormonal contraceptives often ameliorate or effectively treat these problems and can effectively treat heavy menstrual bleeding and  dysmenorrhea  (painful menstruation) as well.Lower doses of estrogen required by vaginal administration (i. e. , from the vaginal ring or hormonal IUDs instead of the pill) may reduce the untoward side effects associated with higher oral doses such as breast tend erness,  nausea, and headache. Progestogen-only pills and intrauterine devices are not associated with an increased risk of thromboses and may be used by women with previous venous thrombosis, or hepatitis. In those with a history of arterial thrombosis, non-hormonal birth control should be used. Progestogen-only pills may improve menstrual symptoms such s  dysmenorrhea,  menorrhagia, premenstrual syndrome, and anemia, and are recommended for breast-feeding women because they do not affect lactation. Irregular bleeding can be a side effect of progestin-only methods, with about 20% of users reporting  amenorrhea  (often considered a benefit) and about 40% of women experiencing regular menstrual cycles, leaving the remaining 40% with irregular spotting or bleeding. Uncommon side effects of progestin-only pills, injections, and implants include headache, breast tenderness, mood effects, and  dysmenorrhea, but those symptoms often resolve with time.Newer progestins, such as drospirenone and desogestrel, minimize the  androgenic  side effects of their predecessors. Intrauterine devices The modern  intrauterine device  (IUD) is a small ‘T'-shaped birth control device, containing either copper or progesterone, which is inserted into the uterus. IUDs are a form of  long-acting reversible contraception, the most effective type of reversible birth control. As of 2002, IUDs were the most widely used form of reversible contraception, with nearly 160 million users worldwide. Evidence supports both effectiveness and safety in adolescents.Advantages of the copper IUD include its ability to provide  emergency contraception  up to five days after unprotected sex. It is the most effective form of emergency contraception available. It contains no hormones, so it can be used while breast feeding, and fertility returns quickly after removal. Disadvantages include the possibility of heavier menstrual periods and more painful cramps. Hormonal IUDs do not increase bleeding as copper-containing IUDs do. Rather, they reduce menstrual bleeding or stop menstruation altogether, and can be used as a treatment for  heavy periods.Levonorgestrel-releasing IUDs may be used during breastfeeding whether or not they also include copper. Sterilization Surgical sterilization  is available in the form of  tubal ligation  for women and  vasectomy  for men. There are no significant long term side effects and tubal ligation decreases the risk of  ovarian cancer. Some women regret such a decision: about 5% over 30 years, and about 20% under 30. Short term complications are less likely from a vasectomy than a tubal ligation. Neither method offers protection from  sexually transmitted nfections. Although sterilization is considered a permanent procedure, it is possible to attempt a  tubal reversal  to reconnect the  Fallopian tubes  in females or a  vasectomy reversal  to reconnect the  vasa deferentia  in males. The ra te of success depends on the original technique, tubal damage, and the person's age. Behavioral Behavioral methods involve  regulating the timing  or methods of intercourse to prevent introduction of sperm into the female reproductive tract, either altogether or when an egg may be present. ]LactationalFrom ancient times women have extended breastfeeding in an effort to avoid a new pregnancy. The  lactational amenorrhea method, or LAM, outlines guidelines for determining the length of a woman's period of breastfeeding infertility. For women who meet the criteria, LAM is highly effective during the first six months postpartum  if breastfeeding is the infant’s only (or almost only) source of nutrition. Feeding formula, pumping instead of nursing, and feeding solids all reduce the effectiveness of LAM. Fertility awarenessCalendar-based contraceptive methods  such as the discredited rhythm method and the  Standard Days Method  estimate the likelihood of fertility bas ed on the length of past menstrual cycles. To avoid pregnancy with fertility awareness, unprotected sex is restricted to a woman's least fertile period. During her most fertile period, barrier methods may be used, or she may abstain from intercourse. The term â€Å"natural family planning† (NFP) is sometimes used to refer to any use of fertility awareness methods. However, this term specifically refers to the practices that are permitted by the  Roman Catholic Church.The effectiveness of  fertility awareness-based methods of contraception is unknown because of the lack of completed standardized and controlled scientific trials. More effective than calendar-based methods, systems of fertility awareness that track basal body temperature, cervical mucus, or both, are known as symptoms-based methods. Teachers of symptoms-based methods take care to distance their systems from the poor reputation of the rhythm method. Many consider the rhythm method to have been obsolete for at least 20 years, and some even exclude calendar-based methods from their definition of fertility awareness.A  Cycle Beads  birth control chain, used for a rough estimate of fertility based on days since menstruation The  Standard Days Method  has a simpler rule set and is more effective than the rhythm method. The Standard Days Method has a typical failure rate of 12% per year. A product called  Cycle Beads  was developed alongside the method to help the user keep track of estimated high and low fertility points during her menstrual cycle. The Standard Days Method may only be used by women whose cycles are always between 26 and 32 days in length.In this system: * Days 1-7 of a woman's menstrual cycle are considered infertile * Days 8-19 are considered fertile; considered unsafe for unprotected intercourse * From Day 20, infertility is considered to resume Symptoms-based methods of fertility awareness involve a woman's observation and charting of her body's fertility sign s, to determine the fertile and infertile phases of her cycle. Charting may be done by hand or with the assistance of  fertility monitors. Most methods track one or more of the three primary fertility signs:  changes in  basal body temperature, in cervical mucus, and in cervical position.If a woman tracks both basal body temperature and another primary sign, the method is referred to as â€Å"symptothermal. † Other bodily cues such as  mittelschmerz  are considered secondary indicators. Unplanned pregnancy rates have been reported from 1% to 20% for typical users of the symptothermal method. Withdrawal Coitus interruptus  (literally â€Å"interrupted sexual intercourse†), also known as the withdrawal or pull-out method, is the practice of ending sexual intercourse (â€Å"pulling out†) before ejaculation.The main risk of coitus interruptus is that the man may not perform the maneuver correctly or in a timely manner. Despite older studies claiming that no sperm was found in preejaculatory penile secretion, a more recent study states that â€Å"41% [of subjects] produced pre-ejaculatory samples that contained spermatozoa and in 37% a reasonable proportion of the sperm was motile†. Abstinence Though some groups advocate total  sexual abstinence, by which they mean the avoidance of all sexual activity, in the context of birth control the term usually means abstinence from vaginally penetrative sexual activity.Abstinence is 100% effective in preventing pregnancy; however, not everyone who intends to be abstinent refrains from all sexual activity, and in many populations there is a significant risk of pregnancy from nonconsensual sex. Abstinence-only sex education  does not reduce  teen pregnancy. Teen pregnancy rates are higher in students given abstinence only education, compared to comprehensive sex education. Some authorities recommend that those using abstinence as a primary method have backup method(s) available (su ch as condoms or emergency contraceptive pills).Non-penetrative  and  oral sex will generally avoid pregnancy, but pregnancy can still occur with  Intercrural sex  and other forms of penis-near-vagina sex (genital rubbing, and the penis exiting from  anal intercourse) where semen can be deposited near the entrance to the vagina and can itself travel along the vagina's lubricating fluids. Emergency (after sex) Emergency contraceptives, or â€Å"morning-after pills,† are drugs taken after sexual intercourse intended to prevent pregnancy. Levonorgestrel  (progestin) pills, marketed as â€Å"Plan B† and â€Å"Next Choice,† are available without prescription (to women and men aged 17 and older in the U.S. ) to prevent pregnancy when used within 72 hours (3 days) after unprotected sex or condom failure. Ulipristal(â€Å"Ella†) is the newest emergency contraceptive, available by prescription only for use up to 120 hours (5 days) after unprotected sex , resulting in a pregnancy risk 42% lower than levonorgestrel up to 72 hours and 65% lower in the first 24 hours following sex. Providing morning after pills to women in advance does not affect sexually transmitted infection rates, condom use, pregnancy rates, or sexual risk-taking behavior. Pharmacists  are a major source of access to emergency contraception.Morning after pills have almost no health risk, no matter how often they are used. Copper T-shaped IUDs can also be used as emergency contraceptives. Copper IUDs can be inserted up to the time of implantation (6–12 days after ovulation) but are generally not inserted more than five days after unprotected sex. For every eight expected pregnancies, the use of levonorgestrel morning after pills will prevent seven. Ulipristal is about twice as effective as levonorgestrel. Copper IUDs are more than 99% effective in reducing pregnancy risk. Family Planning Real Distinction between the Natural Family Planning to the Artificial Family Planning What is Family Planning? What are the differences between the Natural and Artificial Family Planning? Family planning  is the  planning  of when to have  children,  and the use of  birth control and other techniques to implement such plans. Other techniques commonly used include sexuality education,  prevention and management of  sexually transmitted infections, pre-conception counseling  and  management, and  infertility management.Family planning is sometimes used as a synonym for the use of  birth control, however, it often includes a wide variety of methods, and practices that are not birth control. It is most usually applied to a  female-male  couple who wish to limit the number of children they have and/or to control the timing of  pregnancy  (also known as  spacing children). Family planning may encompass  sterilization, as well as  abortion.Family plann ing services are defined as â€Å"educational, comprehensive medical or social activities which enable individuals, including minors, to determine freely the number and spacing of their children and to select the means by which this may be achieved. † Natural family planning  (NFP) comprises the  family planning  methods approved by the Roman Catholic Church. In accordance with the Church's teachings regarding  sexual behavior  in keeping with its philosophy of the dignity of the human person, NFP excludes the use of other methods of  birth control, which it refers to as â€Å"artificial contraception. Periodic  abstinence  is the only method deemed moral by the Church for avoiding pregnancy. When used to avoid pregnancy, NFP limits sexual intercourse to naturally infertile periods; portions of the  menstrual cycle, during pregnancy, and after  menopause. Various methods may be used to identify whether a woman is likely to be  fertile; this information may be used in attempts to either avoid or achieve pregnancy. There are three main types of NFP: the symptoms-based methods, the calendar-based methods, and the breastfeeding or  lactational amenorrhea method.Symptoms-based methods rely on biological signs of fertility, while calendar-based methods estimate the likelihood of fertility based on the length of past menstrual cycles. Clinical studies by the  Guttmacher Institute  found that periodic abstinence resulted in a 25. 3 percent failure under typical conditions, though it did not differentiate between symptom-based and calendar-based methods. Symptoms-based Some methods of NFP track biological signs of fertility. When used outside of the Catholic concept of NFP, these methods are often referred to simply as  fertility awareness-based methods  rather than NFP.The three primary signs of a woman's fertility are her  basal body temperature, her  cervical  mucus, and her cervical position. Computerized  fertility m onitors  may track basal body temperatures, hormonal levels in urine, changes in electrical resistance of a woman's saliva or a mixture of these symptoms. From these symptoms, a woman can learn to assess her fertility without use of a computerized device. Some systems use only cervical mucus to determine fertility. Two well-known mucus-only methods are the  Billings ovulation method  and the  Creighton Model Fertility Care System.If two or more signs are tracked, the method is referred to as a symptothermal method. Two popular symptothermal systems are taught by the  Couple to Couple League  and the Fertility Awareness Method (FAM) taught by  Toni Weschler. A study completed in Germany in 2007 found that the symptothermal method has a method effectiveness of 99. 6%. In Canada, the symptothermal method is taught by  SERENA Canada  which is an inter-denominational organization which has been developing the Symptothermal Method as a part of NFP since 1955.They are als o not specifically affiliated with the Roman Catholic Church. It is also taught by  Justisse Healthworks for Women, a pro-choice feminist organization that allows and supports women to combine other methods of birth control with their fertility awareness practice. A study by the World Health Organization involving 869 fertile women from Australia, India, Ireland, the Philippines, and El Salvador found that 93% could accurately interpret their body's signals regardless of education and culture. In a 36-month study of 5,752 women, the method was 99. 86% effective. Calendar-basedCalendar-based methods determine fertility based on a record of the length of previous menstrual cycles. They include the Rhythm Method and the Standard Days Method. The Standard Days method was developed and proven by the researchers at the Institute for Reproductive Health of Georgetown University. CycleBeads, unaffiliated with religious teachings, is a visual tool based on the Standard Days method. Accordi ng to the Institute of Reproductive Health, when used as birth control, CB has a 95% effectiveness rating. Computer programs are available to help track fertility on a calendar.Lactational amenorrhea The  lactational amenorrhea method  (LAM) is a method of avoiding pregnancy based on the natural  postpartum  infertility  that occurs when a woman is  amenorrheic  and fully  breastfeeding. The rules of the method help a woman identify and possibly lengthen her infertile period. A strict version of LAM is known as  ecological breastfeeding. Artificial Family Planning/Birth Control, also known as  contraception  and  fertility control, refers to methods or devices used to prevent  pregnancy. Planning and provision of birth control is called  family planning.Safe sex, such as the use of male or  female condoms, can also help prevent transmission of  sexually transmitted diseases. Contraceptive use in  developing countries has cut the number of  materna l deaths  by 44% (about 270,000 deaths averted in 2008) but could prevent 73% if the full demand for birth control were met. Because  teenage pregnancies  are at greater risk of adverse outcomes such as  preterm birth,  low birth weight and  infant mortality, adolescents need comprehensive  sex education  and access to reproductive health  services, including contraception.By lengthening the time between pregnancies, birth control can also improve adult women's delivery outcomes and the survival of their children. Effective birth control methods include  barriers  such as  condoms,  diaphragms, and the contraceptive sponge;  hormonal contraception  including  oral pills,  patches,  vaginal rings, and injectable contraceptives; and  intrauterine devices  (IUDs). Emergency contraception  can prevent pregnancy after unprotected sex. Long-acting reversible contraception  such as implants, IUDs, or vaginal rings are recommended to reduce  tee nage pregnancy.Sterilization  by means such as  vasectomy  and  tubal ligation  is permanent contraception. Some people regard  sexual abstinence  as birth control, but  abstinence-only sex education often increases teen pregnancies when offered without contraceptive education. Non-penetrative sex  and  oral sex  are also sometimes considered contraception. Birth control methods have been used since ancient times, but effective and safe methods only became available in the 20th century. For some people, contraception involves moral issues, and many cultures limit access to birth control due to the moral and political issues involved.About 222 million women who want to avoid pregnancy in developing countries are not using a modern contraception method. Birth control increases  economic growth  because of fewer dependent children, more women participating in the work force, and less consumption of scarce resources. Women's earnings, assets,  body mass index , and their children's schooling and body mass index all substantially improve with greater access to contraception. Methods of Artificial Family Planning Artificial Family Planning/Birth control includes  barrier methods,  hormonal contraception,  intrauterine devices  (IUDs), sterilization, and behavioral methods.Hormones can be  delivered by injection, by mouth (orally),  placed in the vagina, or implanted under the skin. The most common types of oral contraception include the  combined oral contraceptive pill  and the  progestogen-only pill. Methods are typically used before sex but  emergency contraception  is effective shortly after intercourse. Determining whether a woman with one or more illnesses, diseases, risk factors, or abnormalities can use a particular form of birth control is a complex medical question sometimes requiring a  pelvic examination  or medical tests.The  World Health Organization publishes a detailed list of medical eligibility criteria for each type of contraception. Birth control methods * An unrolled male  latex condom * A polyurethane  female condom * A  diaphragm  vaginal-cervical  barrier, in its case with a  quarter U. S. coin  to show scale * A  contraceptive sponge  set inside its open package * Three varieties of  birth control pills  in calendar oriented packaging * A transdermal contraceptive patch * A  Nuva Ring  vaginal ring * A hormonal  intrauterine device  (IUD) against a background showing placement in the  uterus *A copper IUD next to a dime  to show scale * A split dose of two emergency contraceptive pills (most morning after pills now only require one) Barrier Barrier contraceptives  are devices that attempt to prevent  pregnancy  by physically preventing  sperm  from entering the  uterus. They include: male  condoms,  female condoms,  cervical caps,  diaphragms, and  contraceptive sponges  with  spermicide. The condom is mos t commonly used during  sexual intercourse  to reduce the likelihood of  pregnancy  and of spreading  sexually transmitted diseases  (STDs—such as  gonorrhea,  syphilis, and  HIV).It is put on a man's erect  penis  and physically blocks ejaculated semen from entering the body of a sexual partner. Modern condoms are most often made from  latex, but some are made from other materials such as  polyurethane,  polyisoprene, or lamb intestine. A  female condom  is also available, most often made of  nitrile. Male condoms have the advantage of being inexpensive, easy to use, and having few side effects. Contraceptive sponges combine a barrier with spermicide. Like diaphragms, they are inserted vaginally prior to intercourse and must be placed over the  cervix  to be effective.Typical effectiveness during the first year of use is about 84% overall, and 68% among women who have already given birth. The sponge can be inserted up to 24 hours before intercourse and must be left in place for at least six hours afterward. Some people are allergic to spermicide used in the sponge. Women who use contraceptive sponges have an increased risk of  yeast infections  and  urinary tract infections. Leaving the sponge in for more than 30 hours can result in  toxic shock syndrome. Hormonal Hormonal contraceptives  inhibit  ovulation  and  fertilization.These include  oral pills,  subdermal  implants, and  injectable contraceptivesas well as the  patch,  hormonal IUDs  and the  vaginal ring. The most commonly used hormonal contraceptive is the  combined oral contraceptive pill—commonly known as â€Å"the pill†Ã¢â‚¬â€which includes a combination of an  estrogen  and a  progestin  (progestogen). There is also a progestin-only pill. Currently, hormonal contraceptives are available only for females. Combined hormonal contraceptives are associated with a slight increased cardiovascular risk , including a small increased risk of  venousand  arterial thrombosis. However, the benefits are greater than the risk.Oral contraceptives reduce the risk of  ovarian cancer  and  endometrial cancer  without increasing the risk for  breast cancer. They can lower body weight by reducing  water retention  (not loss of fat), and several are used to treat mild to moderate  acne. Between 2% and 10% of women of childbearing age experience emotional and physical symptoms associated with  premenstrual syndrome  (PMS) andpremenstrual dysphoric disorder  (PMDD). Combination hormonal contraceptives often ameliorate or effectively treat these problems and can effectively treat heavy menstrual bleeding and  dysmenorrhea  (painful menstruation) as well.Lower doses of estrogen required by vaginal administration (i. e. , from the vaginal ring or hormonal IUDs instead of the pill) may reduce the untoward side effects associated with higher oral doses such as breast tend erness,  nausea, and headache. Progestogen-only pills and intrauterine devices are not associated with an increased risk of thromboses and may be used by women with previous venous thrombosis, or hepatitis. In those with a history of arterial thrombosis, non-hormonal birth control should be used. Progestogen-only pills may improve menstrual symptoms such s  dysmenorrhea,  menorrhagia, premenstrual syndrome, and anemia, and are recommended for breast-feeding women because they do not affect lactation. Irregular bleeding can be a side effect of progestin-only methods, with about 20% of users reporting  amenorrhea  (often considered a benefit) and about 40% of women experiencing regular menstrual cycles, leaving the remaining 40% with irregular spotting or bleeding. Uncommon side effects of progestin-only pills, injections, and implants include headache, breast tenderness, mood effects, and  dysmenorrhea, but those symptoms often resolve with time.Newer progestins, such as drospirenone and desogestrel, minimize the  androgenic  side effects of their predecessors. Intrauterine devices The modern  intrauterine device  (IUD) is a small ‘T'-shaped birth control device, containing either copper or progesterone, which is inserted into the uterus. IUDs are a form of  long-acting reversible contraception, the most effective type of reversible birth control. As of 2002, IUDs were the most widely used form of reversible contraception, with nearly 160 million users worldwide. Evidence supports both effectiveness and safety in adolescents.Advantages of the copper IUD include its ability to provide  emergency contraception  up to five days after unprotected sex. It is the most effective form of emergency contraception available. It contains no hormones, so it can be used while breast feeding, and fertility returns quickly after removal. Disadvantages include the possibility of heavier menstrual periods and more painful cramps. Hormonal IUDs do not increase bleeding as copper-containing IUDs do. Rather, they reduce menstrual bleeding or stop menstruation altogether, and can be used as a treatment for  heavy periods.Levonorgestrel-releasing IUDs may be used during breastfeeding whether or not they also include copper. Sterilization Surgical sterilization  is available in the form of  tubal ligation  for women and  vasectomy  for men. There are no significant long term side effects and tubal ligation decreases the risk of  ovarian cancer. Some women regret such a decision: about 5% over 30 years, and about 20% under 30. Short term complications are less likely from a vasectomy than a tubal ligation. Neither method offers protection from  sexually transmitted nfections. Although sterilization is considered a permanent procedure, it is possible to attempt a  tubal reversal  to reconnect the  Fallopian tubes  in females or a  vasectomy reversal  to reconnect the  vasa deferentia  in males. The ra te of success depends on the original technique, tubal damage, and the person's age. Behavioral Behavioral methods involve  regulating the timing  or methods of intercourse to prevent introduction of sperm into the female reproductive tract, either altogether or when an egg may be present. ]LactationalFrom ancient times women have extended breastfeeding in an effort to avoid a new pregnancy. The  lactational amenorrhea method, or LAM, outlines guidelines for determining the length of a woman's period of breastfeeding infertility. For women who meet the criteria, LAM is highly effective during the first six months postpartum  if breastfeeding is the infant’s only (or almost only) source of nutrition. Feeding formula, pumping instead of nursing, and feeding solids all reduce the effectiveness of LAM. Fertility awarenessCalendar-based contraceptive methods  such as the discredited rhythm method and the  Standard Days Method  estimate the likelihood of fertility bas ed on the length of past menstrual cycles. To avoid pregnancy with fertility awareness, unprotected sex is restricted to a woman's least fertile period. During her most fertile period, barrier methods may be used, or she may abstain from intercourse. The term â€Å"natural family planning† (NFP) is sometimes used to refer to any use of fertility awareness methods. However, this term specifically refers to the practices that are permitted by the  Roman Catholic Church.The effectiveness of  fertility awareness-based methods of contraception is unknown because of the lack of completed standardized and controlled scientific trials. More effective than calendar-based methods, systems of fertility awareness that track basal body temperature, cervical mucus, or both, are known as symptoms-based methods. Teachers of symptoms-based methods take care to distance their systems from the poor reputation of the rhythm method. Many consider the rhythm method to have been obsolete for at least 20 years, and some even exclude calendar-based methods from their definition of fertility awareness.A  Cycle Beads  birth control chain, used for a rough estimate of fertility based on days since menstruation The  Standard Days Method  has a simpler rule set and is more effective than the rhythm method. The Standard Days Method has a typical failure rate of 12% per year. A product called  Cycle Beads  was developed alongside the method to help the user keep track of estimated high and low fertility points during her menstrual cycle. The Standard Days Method may only be used by women whose cycles are always between 26 and 32 days in length.In this system: * Days 1-7 of a woman's menstrual cycle are considered infertile * Days 8-19 are considered fertile; considered unsafe for unprotected intercourse * From Day 20, infertility is considered to resume Symptoms-based methods of fertility awareness involve a woman's observation and charting of her body's fertility sign s, to determine the fertile and infertile phases of her cycle. Charting may be done by hand or with the assistance of  fertility monitors. Most methods track one or more of the three primary fertility signs:  changes in  basal body temperature, in cervical mucus, and in cervical position.If a woman tracks both basal body temperature and another primary sign, the method is referred to as â€Å"symptothermal. † Other bodily cues such as  mittelschmerz  are considered secondary indicators. Unplanned pregnancy rates have been reported from 1% to 20% for typical users of the symptothermal method. Withdrawal Coitus interruptus  (literally â€Å"interrupted sexual intercourse†), also known as the withdrawal or pull-out method, is the practice of ending sexual intercourse (â€Å"pulling out†) before ejaculation.The main risk of coitus interruptus is that the man may not perform the maneuver correctly or in a timely manner. Despite older studies claiming that no sperm was found in preejaculatory penile secretion, a more recent study states that â€Å"41% [of subjects] produced pre-ejaculatory samples that contained spermatozoa and in 37% a reasonable proportion of the sperm was motile†. Abstinence Though some groups advocate total  sexual abstinence, by which they mean the avoidance of all sexual activity, in the context of birth control the term usually means abstinence from vaginally penetrative sexual activity.Abstinence is 100% effective in preventing pregnancy; however, not everyone who intends to be abstinent refrains from all sexual activity, and in many populations there is a significant risk of pregnancy from nonconsensual sex. Abstinence-only sex education  does not reduce  teen pregnancy. Teen pregnancy rates are higher in students given abstinence only education, compared to comprehensive sex education. Some authorities recommend that those using abstinence as a primary method have backup method(s) available (su ch as condoms or emergency contraceptive pills).Non-penetrative  and  oral sex will generally avoid pregnancy, but pregnancy can still occur with  Intercrural sex  and other forms of penis-near-vagina sex (genital rubbing, and the penis exiting from  anal intercourse) where semen can be deposited near the entrance to the vagina and can itself travel along the vagina's lubricating fluids. Emergency (after sex) Emergency contraceptives, or â€Å"morning-after pills,† are drugs taken after sexual intercourse intended to prevent pregnancy. Levonorgestrel  (progestin) pills, marketed as â€Å"Plan B† and â€Å"Next Choice,† are available without prescription (to women and men aged 17 and older in the U.S. ) to prevent pregnancy when used within 72 hours (3 days) after unprotected sex or condom failure. Ulipristal(â€Å"Ella†) is the newest emergency contraceptive, available by prescription only for use up to 120 hours (5 days) after unprotected sex , resulting in a pregnancy risk 42% lower than levonorgestrel up to 72 hours and 65% lower in the first 24 hours following sex. Providing morning after pills to women in advance does not affect sexually transmitted infection rates, condom use, pregnancy rates, or sexual risk-taking behavior. Pharmacists  are a major source of access to emergency contraception.Morning after pills have almost no health risk, no matter how often they are used. Copper T-shaped IUDs can also be used as emergency contraceptives. Copper IUDs can be inserted up to the time of implantation (6–12 days after ovulation) but are generally not inserted more than five days after unprotected sex. For every eight expected pregnancies, the use of levonorgestrel morning after pills will prevent seven. Ulipristal is about twice as effective as levonorgestrel. Copper IUDs are more than 99% effective in reducing pregnancy risk.

Financial managment Essay

Education  in Pakistan – KoolFree. Education  is only the weapon by which one can fight and conquer the battle of life. Theeducation  has been a very essential part of the different civilization of the  Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5. Education  problem in Pakistan  Essay  | Study Aim www. studyaim. com/2014/01/15/education-problem-in-pakistan-essay/? Jan 15, 2014 –  Education  problem in Pakistan  Essay. Here we discuss about the problem  education  system in pakistan so all viewers read  essay  with. Essay on Education  in Pakistan | Pacans Online – A Free  Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ww. pacansonline. com/content/essay-on-education-in-pakistan/? Jul 19, 2013 –  Education  is a fundamental human right. Pakistan is among those developing countries where people are mostly deprived of good quality  Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 7. Why Is  Education  so Important  Essay  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Ask. com www. ask. com †ºÃ‚  Q&A  Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚  Society  Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚  Other? Writing an  essay  on the importance of  education  for all is a great topic. Include statistics about drop out rates and the unemployment problem. Essay on education  system in Pakistan | Pacans – IELTS Lahore www. pacans. om/†¦ essays†¦ essays/essay-on-education-system-in-pakista†¦? Dec 5, 2013 –  Essay on education  system in Pakistan. The education system in Pakistan is not very good. It needs a lot of financial resources to establish so  Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 9. Education  system in Pakistan –  Essay  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Notes of life www. aamirilyas. com/education-system-in-pakistan-essay/? by Aamir Ilyas  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  in 52 Google+ circles Aug 24, 2012 –  An  essay on education  system in Pakistan, levels and types of education and educational institutions. English medium, run by education  Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 10. Education essay  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ College  Essays  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Tmjohnson04 – StudyMode. com www. studymode. com †ºÃ‚  Home  Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚  Education? Rating: 4. 5 – ? 2 votes Tabitha Johnson Professor Penner English 1551. February 21, 2011. Education EssayEveryone would agree that  education  is a fundamental way of life. Searches related to  essay on education essay on  importance of  education short  essay on education essay on education  is the key to success what is  education importance of  education essay on education  system quotes  on education essay on  terrorism.

Have you ever been to a country Essays

Have you ever been to a country Essays Have you ever been to a country Essay Have you ever been to a country Essay Have you ever been to a country where our past is in the present and our present is going to be in the future? Nepal is an undeveloped country and it is one of the â€Å"ten unprosperous countries† (Tessa Feller) in the world. Nepal is one of the most religious countries and is the only official Hindu state in the world. Nepal was only introduced to the world in 1951. Before that, Nepal was under the rule of the Rana’s, who did not allow any tourist to enter. Now, Nepal is once again a monarchy. Since then, Nepal is being introduced to many modern equipment and settlements. It is very depressing for Nepal, having to face this situation when it has many tourist attractions, and many people would like to visit a society completely different from their own. The poor economy of Nepal is holding its true potential from shining. By donating, the economy can grow and children can have a proper education. Since, tourists live in poor conditions when in Nepal, companies can invest to make hotels and make a large profit from it.Tourism is Nepal’s most important industry, although it has â€Å"suffered from the Maoist conflict† (Tessa Feller). Nepal’s tourists range from two-hundred thousand to four-hundred thousand every year. The main reason why people visit Nepal is because it is a completely different society than their own. Since Nepal was only introduced to the world in 1951, many people don’t know about it. It is a society under the progression of modernizing, but is still in the past. Also, Nepal has many attractions such as the Himalayas containing eight of the ten highest mountains in the world. The Himalayas are not just high mountains which are climbed to prove someone’s ability; they are mountains sacred to gods. Many people visit to catch a glimpse of the world’s highest mountain, Mount Everest. These mountains bring publicity and money to Nepal.TV’s and computers give happiness and entertainment to people all across the world, but in countries like Nepal this type of entertainment cannot be afforded by the country. Nepal is one of the ten poorest countries in the world. There are no TV’s, no internet and there only â€Å"public washrooms where everyone can see you† (Tessa Feller). The â€Å"GDP per capita income for Nepal is only $1000† (CIA World Factbook). In Canada, families spend around $1000 in one month. How can people expect Nepalese to spend $1000 in a year?This is why most people in a family, including children work and this can cause many illnesses. â€Å"Nepal exports carpets, clothing, leather goods, jute goods, grains for $830million (does not include unrecorded trades with India), and they import gold, machinery equipment, petroleum products and fertilizer for $2.389billion.† Nepal’s import is three times more than there export, which is why they had a â€Å"debt of 3.07 billion in March 2006† (CIA World Factbook) and the debt, is still increasing. Until the debt is paid off, it is going to be hard for Nepal to modernize and our present can only be seen in Nepal’s future.Waking up in the morning wet and cold. In Nepal many people live in poor conditions. It is very â€Å"cool up north and subtropical in the south† (Let’s Visit Nepal). Since, the economy is poor the living conditions are also poor. Many children and adults suffer from these conditions. â€Å"There a re around seven major infectious diseases in Nepal including HIV/AIDS. There are around sixty-one thousand people living with HIV/AIDS and around three thousand one-hundred people died because of it. Around sixty-two out of one thousand babies die.† (CIA World Factbook) Also Nepal lacks in education. Only children over fifteen can read and write (48.6 % of population can read and write). The donations of people are needed to save many lives in Nepal. Remember, a baby shouldn’t be blamed for something it didn’t do.Tourism brings money and publicity, but it lacks quality. The economy is very poor causing the country to be undeveloped. Also, there are poor living conditions, which affect children in many ways. Donation and investment of companies and others can increase the economy and help develop it. Also, it can save many lives! Be a friend to those people who suffer from these poor conditions. A friend in need is a friend indeed. :

Four successful careers for the hopeless romantic

Four successful careers for the hopeless romantic This is the time of year when people tend to have romance on the brain. Flowers! Jewelry commercials! Ads for upscale restaurants! If you’re a hopeless romantic, it’s kind of like the Super Bowl. But what if you want to turn those lovey-dovey feelings into a career, something you can build professionally? Believe it or not, there are options out there for you. 4 careers for people who love romance1. Wedding/special event photographerIf you have a knack with a camera, being a wedding photographer gives you a front-row seat to some of the happiest days of people’s lives. Everyone’s dressed up, people are (usually) on their best behavior, and your goal is to capture the romance for posterity. Plus, being a photographer has the advantage of being a flexible career, or side business, with many weddings and special events happening outside of standard business hours.What you’ll need: High-quality cameras and related equipment, plus training on how to use it. Courses on professional photography are highly recommended.What it pays: The median salary is $32,490 per year, per the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.2. FloristFlorists and floral designers are usually the go-to retailers for romantic life events, with busy seasons around holidays like Valentine’s Day, Mother’s Day, etc. Floral designers are there for the good, the bad, and the celebratory, providing flowers and delivery to a range of customers.What you’ll need: Workers in a retail floral shop will need the basics (a high school degree and   customer service skills). If you’re looking to become a floral designer, you’ll likely need vocational courses and on-the-job training. Creativity and artistic flair are very helpful, as are good customer service skills to help your customers find the right way to say it with flowers.What it pays: The median salary for floral designers is $26,350 per the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.3. Chocolatier/CandymakerIf you’re more interested in food service than flower service, you may want to consider becoming a chocolatier. This is not the most common path in food service, but what’s more romantic than high-quality chocolates to go with those flowers and gifts? Chocolatiers are artisans who create edible masterpieces, playing with flavors and structures to create the perfect bite.What you’ll need: To become a chocolatier, you’ll need a solid base in the culinary world, and may need to complete a pasty chef course. You’ll also need to meet your state’s licensing and food handling regulations, so be sure to check what your state requires.What it pays: The median salary for chocolatiers is $21,000 per year, but experienced pastry chefs can make more.4. Marriage counselorSometimes love needs a little help, and marriage counselors are licensed health care professionals who can help couples work on their relationships. This is not a job for the starry-eyed romantic who thinks all relationships are a romcom-ending away from happiness, but rather a practical career for someone who believes that therapy and hard work together can overcome challenges in love and life. Plus, health care careers are a very stable, practical bet for long-term career longevity.Marriage and family therapy in particular is a field that’s growing- the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics predicts that the number of jobs in this area will grow more than 23% by 2026.What you’ll need: Marriage and family therapists typically have a master’s degree or higher, plus complete an internship or residency. Licensing requirements may vary by state, so be sure to check your own state’s requirements.What it pays: The median salary for marriage and family therapists is $48,790, per the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.If you love the very idea of love, there are ways to live that out in your professional life as well. Choosing a career that helps make other people happy can be a key to long-term career satisfaction. If you have the skills and the inclination to work in one of these service fields, you may find yourself with even more love to go around.

The Bribery Scandal at Siemens AG Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Bribery Scandal at Siemens AG - Case Study Example Basically, the bribery scandal at Siemens critically demonstrates how employees were involved with unethical behaviours, which led to an irrevocable damage to the company’s reputation and the ultimate profitability and success (Marsh, 2007). Founded in 1847, the company made their listing in the New York Stock Exchange in 2001, where they were rated as the most efficient and profitable company. Never the less, the business world fell in 2006 when around 30 Siemens’ offices and private homes were raided based on the notion of bribery, fund embezzlement, and evasion of taxes, a raid that led to the uncover of what is said to be the world’s largest corporate bribery scandals. It was evident that Siemens had involved itself in bribery and other related business malpractices. In essence, three main issues focus on failure of employees to hold fast on the ethical standards in relation to personal communication and cross cultural business relationships. First, the lack of cultural sensitivity, over and above, unfamiliar global practises greatly contributed to an abundant environment in which exploitation and manipulation of other companies was witnessed. Second, short time focus on making the deal through contract negotiation, and special bribes pulled out poor decision process from the managers of the company. In addition, there was lack of accountability, compliance, and transparency by management, a situation that permitted Siemens’ employees to involve themselves in fraudulent behaviour (Sims, 2007). Ethical Contemplation According to utilitarian approach on ethical matters actions are right once they achieve maximum good for maximum number of peo ple. Although not all people will be favoured by the decision made, the overall is that everyone will be in a better position as compared to the previous situation. Needless to mention, that the act of bribery at the time seemed to be a cost effective issue as the company was able to secure some of the important contracts through the use of bribery that acted as the fraction of the monetary funds that the company expected in relation to the whole deal. Of important to note is that, there was dire need to keep the company in business and the use of bribery facilitated it survival, over and above been able to continue with their operations and provide of the society in term of social responsibility, employment opportunities, as well as, paying taxes (Thiel, 2007). Conversely, Siemens AG bribery scandal has a permanent impact on the owners and or shareholders and the company itself which may not be easily realised. In essence, the reputation and credibility of the company would be comp romised a situation that

Week 5 Hand-In Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Week 5 Hand-In - Assignment Example In this programming paradigm, there are function definitions and an expression whose value is outcome of the result of the program are necessary parts of a program. This expression in the program can be replaced by its value and by doing this there will be no effect on the overall output of the program. A functional language program consumes large amount of computer’s memory and are not time efficient but are they are well-designed. Some of the examples are SML, FP and LML (FOLDOC, 2003). In this programming paradigm the objective provided by the user is satisfied by the computer system by successive backward attempts. The objective is satisfied if it is equivalent to a fact. The process becomes recursive of the objective becomes equal to a rule and in this case the rule is only successful if it satisfies all the sub divisions of the objective (FOLDOC, 1997). In this type of programming paradigm some concepts such as objects and methods are used. An object is a data structure and a method is basically a set of routine. The object, which is actually an instance of a particular class, is encapsulated in a method and function of the method is to operate on data. There are five key conceptions object oriented programming language that are: Answer: Each mathematical or logical expression has operators in it. The order in which these operators must be evaluated is known as operator precedence. Figure 1(C operator precedence table, 2011) shows the operator precedence: If a programming language is strongly typed then it means that the variable type must be explicitly stated. The example of strongly typed programming language is C. here if the variable type is not defined then error will occur at the time of compilation (About.com,